Linking genetic and ecological differentiation in an ungulate with a circumpolar distribution

of natural populations (Manel et al. 2003, Segelbacher et al. 2010). Landscape genetics is a synthetic discipline that allows explicitly testing the infl uence of diff erent landscape features on gene fl ow in a spatially explicit framework (Manel et al. 2003, Segelbacher et al. 2010). Th is approach primarily aims at quantifying the resistance of landscape features to movement in order to determine genetic connectivity among populations, identify corridors and barriers to gene fl ow, and infer dispersal routes (i.e. isolation-by-resistance, IBR; McRae 2006, McRae and Beier 2007). Geographic distance and landscape composition are not the only factors that can aff ect gene fl ow among populations (Shafer and Wolf 2013, Sexton et al. 2014, Wang and Bradburd 2014). Spatially varying local selective pressures linked to particular environmental conditions and the evolution of locally adapted traits that confer fi tness advantages can also shape gene fl ow and genetic diff erentiation (Nosil et al. 2005, Shafer and Wolf 2013). Disruption of Ecography 40: 001–015, 2017 doi: 10.1111/ecog.02995 © 2017 Th e Authors. Ecography © 2017 Nordic Society Oikos Subject Editor: Nigel G. Yoccoz. Editor-in-Chief: Miguel Ara ú jo. Accepted 14 July 2017